Keynote Presentations

Monday, October 24, 2011 Day One
1:00-2:00

Gary Klein, PhD, is a Senior Scientist at MacroCognition LLC. He was instrumental in founding the field of Naturalistic Decision Making.

What Physicians Can Learn from Firefighters
The field of heuristics and biases (HB) has developed as a critique of intuition. Many HB researchers have shown that intuition results in biases and in errors. Therefore, to reduce diagnostic error we need to carefully monitor and correct for intuitive judgments and promote more critical thinking. However, current models of naturalistic decision making question these views. This research, based on research with firefighters, pilots, healthcare professionals, intelligence analysts, and similar communities, suggests that a lop-sided focus on reducing error can result in worse diagnostic performance. We need to balance our efforts to reduce errors with efforts to build and support expertise.

Dr. Klein received his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Pittsburgh in 1969. He was an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Oakland University from 1970-1974. He was a research psychologist for the U.S. Air Force from 1974-1978. In 1978 he founded his own R&D company, Klein Associates, which grew to 37 people by the time it was acquired by Applied Research Associates (ARA) in 2005. Dr. Klein developed a Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) model to describe how people actually make decisions in natural settings. He developed a naturalistic model of sensemaking, the Data/Frame model, to describe the way people interpret situations while simultaneously clarifying what counts as data in ambiguous situations. He has developed methods of Cognitive Task Analysis for uncovering the tacit knowledge that goes into decision making and sensemaking. He was one of the leaders of a team that redesigned the

White House Situation Room. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. In 2008 he received the Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. He has written: Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions (1998); The Power of Intuition (2004); and Working Minds: A practitioner's guide to Cognitive Task Analysis (Crandall, Klein, & Hoffman, 2006). Dr. Klein's latest book, Streetlights and Shadows: Searching for the keys to adaptive decision making, was published in October 2009.

Dr. Ian Stiell is Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa; Distinguished Professor and University Health Research Chair, University of Ottawa; and Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. He is internationally recognized for his research in emergency medicine with a focus on the development of clinical decision rules and the conduct of clinical trials involving acutely ill and injured patients treated by pre-hospital services and in emergency departments. He is best known for the development of the Ottawa Ankle Rules and Canadian C-Spine Rule, and as the Principal Investigator for the landmark OPALS Studies for pre-hospital care. Dr Stiell is the Principal Investigator for 1 of 3 Canadian sites in the Resuscitation

Outcomes Consortium (ROC) which is funded by CIHR, NIH, HSFC, AHA, and National Defence Canada. Dr. Stiell is a Member of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academies of Science.